Barrow boss Dave Bayliss told BBC Radio Cumbria: "It's a big blow and it's a position we will have to look at.
"It's disappointing because he's a big player for us and was always our number one target in the summer."
Goodfellow joined the Bluebirds during the summer from Kidderminster Harriers after a successful loan spell with the club last season.
"He had a great impact last season but he played the first couple of games this season with the injury," Bayliss said.
"We just have to get on with it and maybe give someone else a chance now."
We're always looking for new players and we're very hopeful that if the right player becomes available we can make a move
Dave Bayliss
Bayliss will now step-up his attempts to bring in a replacement ahead of Saturday's home game against Forest Green Rovers.
The Bluebirds missed out on former Chester City, MK Dons and Stockport midfielder Richie Partridge last week.
Bayliss said: "Richie has signed for TNS, we lost out on him but as far as we're concerned it's his loss.
"Unfortunately the deal we offered wasn't for him so he's decided to go and play in the Welsh league so good luck to him.
"We're always looking for new players and we're very hopeful that if the right player becomes available we can make a move."
There was better news on striker Nick Chadwick who could be back sooner than expected from injury.
Chadwick, 27, has missed the start of the season with a knee injury which has seen the player attend Lilleshall for treatment.
"He'll be going back to Lilleshall next week but we are hoping that if his rehab goes well then we could be looking at two or three weeks before he's back," Bayliss said.
"It's better than what we first thought because we were talking about months rather than weeks initially so we'll just have to wait and see."
Source: BBC Sport
Source: BBC Sport